Beck's Depression Inventory. This depression inventory can be self-scored. The scoring scale is at the end of the questionnaire. 0 I do not feel sad. 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. 0 I am not particularly discouraged about the future. Bullying in the Workplace (PDF) Communication Skills (PDF) Conflict Resolution (PDF) Coping with a Reduction in Force; Coping with the Stress of Layoff and Unemployment; Leadership Challenges During Change (PDF) Managing Workplace Reactions to Budget Cuts Medical Staff Wellbeing Committee; Team-Building. Beck's Depression Inventory This depression inventory can be self-scored. The scoring scale is at the end of the questionnaire. 0 I do not feel sad. 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. 0 I am not particularly discouraged about the future. Beck's Depression Inventory. This depression inventory can be self-scored. The scoring scale is at the end of the questionnaire. 0 I do not feel sad. 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. 0 I am not particularly discouraged about the future. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and a single screening question as screening tools for depressive disorder in Dutch advanced cancer patients. The optimal cut-off point of the BDI-II was 16 with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 69%. The single screening question showed a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 94%. The BDI-II seems an adequate screening tool for a depressive disorder in advanced cancer patients. The sensitivity of a single screening question is poor. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-21) Study Identification tool Comparator Population Results. Dutton, et al. 2004 Quality assessed: BDI-21 DSM-IV N=220, age = 49 years, 105 male, 115 female T F African American primary care patients. Prevalence of depression – 63/220 Major depression.
A brief history
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item self-reporting questionnaire for evaluating the severity of depression in normal and psychiatric populations [1,2]. Developed by Beck et al. in 1961, it relied on the theory of negative cognitive distortions as central to depression [3]. It underwent revisions in 1978: the BDI-IA and 1996 and the BDI-II, both copyrighted [4]. The BDI-II does not rely on any particular theory of depression and the questionnaire has been translated into several languages. A shorter version of the questionnaire, the BDI Fast Screen for Medical Patients (BDI-FS), is available for primary care use. That version contains seven self-reported items each corresponding to a major depressive symptom in the preceding 2 weeks.
Description
The questionnaire was developed from clinical observations of attitudes and symptoms occurring frequently in depressed psychiatric patients and infrequently in non-depressed psychiatric patients [5]. Cpwd manual 2016 pdf. Twenty-one items were consolidated from those observations and ranked 0–3 for severity. The questionnaire is commonly self-administered although initially designed to be administered by trained interviewers [3]. Self-administration takes 5–10min. The recall period for the BDI-II is 2 weeks for (major depressive symptoms) as operationalized in the fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV).
Items
The BDI-II contains 21 items on a 4-point scale from 0 (symptom absent) to 3 (severe symptoms). Anxiety symptoms are not assessed but affective, cognitive, somatic and vegetative symptoms are covered, reflecting the DSM-IV criteria for major depression. Scoring is achieved by adding the highest ratings for all 21 items. The minimum score is 0 and maximum score is 63. Higher scores indicate greater symptom severity. In non-clinical populations, scores above 20 indicate depression [6]. In those diagnosed with depression, scores of 0–13 indicate minimal depression, 14–19 (mild depression), 20–28 (moderate depression) and 29–63 (severe depression) [4].
Validity
Content validity of the BDI-II has improved following item replacements and rewording to reflect DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorders. Mean correlation coefficients of 0.72 and 0.60 have been found between clinical ratings of depression and the BDI for psychiatric and non-psychiatric populations [3]. Construct validity is high for the medical symptoms measured by the questionnaire, α = 0.92 for psychiatric outpatients and 0.93 for college students [7]. High concurrent validities have been demonstrated between the questionnaire and other measures of depression such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-D, r = 0.77 [3]. Criterion validity of the BDI-II is positively correlated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (r = 0.71) with a high 1 week test-retest reliability r = 0.93 (suggesting robustness against daily variations in mood) and an internal consistency of α = 91 [4].
Key research
A Brazilian study (n = 1555) measured specific aspects of depression and found that the BDI discriminated highly for depressive symptomatology [8]. A chronic pain study (n = 1227) reported strong agreement between the BDI-FS and BDI-II with equal ability at detecting clinical change [9]. A coronary artery disease study (n = 804) found the BDI-II to be a better screening tool in predicting major mood disorders [10].
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Availability and clinical use
The BDI-II is copyrighted. The rights are held by Harcourt Assessment Incorporated (Pearson Education plc), under contract from the author. A fee is required for the manual and record forms. This limits availability. In occupational health, the BDI-II can be used as a screening tool to detect depression in normal populations or as a tool to assess symptom severity in clinical populations.
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